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Muted group theory
The Muted Group Theory (MGT) is a critical communication theory that examines asymmetrical power-related issues between genders, cultures, societies, and groups. According to Richard West and Lynn H. Turner “It helps us understand any group that is silenced by the inadequacies of their language〔West and Turner, (2010).〕” (West, Turner, 2010). For example, when there is a “dominant” language or activity by a group, there are members who have “lower-power” and could feel silenced because of their inexperience in that language or activity. This is when MGT occurs. The key elements in MGT are dominant and subordinate groups, which are often used to characterize the relationship between men and women, respectively.
==Background ==
The Muted Group Theory was firstly developed in the field of cultural anthropology; however, it has been taken up by other fields of inquiry such as communication, feminist, and cross-cultural studies. Introduced by the British Anthropologist Edwin Ardener, the Muted Group Theory is a critical theory that explores the asymmetrical relationship – mostly established by language – between dominant and silenced groups. Ardern’s study shows that it is men that have mainly produced ideas and knowledge concerning the world. Consequently, the voices of women have been ignored and ‘muted’. As part of the critical approach to the world, the Muted Group Theory explores power and societal structure in relation to the dynamism between dominant and subordinated groups.
As aforementioned the Muted Group Theory has been conceptualized, elaborated, and applied by many scholars. Deborah Ballard-Reisch (2010) for instance discusses how those who are connected to subordinate groups don’t speak up on the issues they face instead keeps the issues to themselves. The result is having many unresolved issues without hope of a solution.〔Ballard-Reisch, Deborah. "Muted Groups in Health Communication Policy and Practice: The Case of Older Adults in Rural and Frontier Areas." Women and Language 33.2 (2010): 87. Web〕 Sarah Funderburke (2012) suggests that in doing a proper study of men and women, it is important to first define what the term “sex” means, for it is defined differently for each individual. Gender, is a term also used in the process of defining what “sex” is. Depending upon how one defines these terms will determine the role expectancy between the two genders.〔Funderburke, Sarah. "Operating the Silencer: Muted Group Theory in "the Great Gatsby"." ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 2012. Web〕 The work of Charlotte Kroløkke (2005) indicates surveys conducted towards gender communication theories help one to focus their knowledge about the underlying assumptions as well as allow one to analyze the progression from first waves of feminism.〔Kroløkke, Charlotte, and Anne Scott Sørensen 1952. Gender Communication Theories & Analyses: From Silence to Performance. Thousand Oaks, Calif: Sage Publications, 2006;2005;. Web.〕 Also, analyzing these theories helps scholars find their own inspiration of change within these scopes. Furthermore, Anastacia Kurylo (2013) suggests group of scholars and other researchers from different backgrounds around the world assembled to introduce intercultural communication to undergraduate college students using four approaches. The four approaches were meant to show a range of diversity of issues and topics for the students.〔Kurylo, Anastacia. Inter/cultural Communication: Representation and Construction of Culture. Los Angeles: SAGE, 2013. Web.〕 Last but not least, Anita Taylor (2000) With a wide range of voices from women of the U.S all the way to Japan, this volume collects their stories that have been unheard. The muted group theory divides this volume into two sections, one with voices of women whose voices have been softened but has strong messages. The second section is with women whose voices have been silenced.〔Taylor, Anita, Martha James Hardman, and Faculty Author Collection. Hearing Many Voices. Cresskill, N.J: Hampton Press, 2000. Web〕
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